Naomi Oreskes

Now a powerful documentary from the acclaimed director of Food Inc., Merchants of Doubt was one of the most talked-about climate change books of recent years, for reasons easy to understand: It tells the controversial story of how a loose-knit group of high-level scientists and scientific advisers, with deep connections in politics and industry, ran effective campaigns to mislead the public and deny well-established scientific knowledge over four decades. The same individuals who claim the science of global warming is "not settled" have also denied the truth about studies linking smoking to lung cancer, coal smoke to acid rain and CFCs to the ozone hole. "Doubt is our product," wrote one tobacco executive. These "experts" supplied it.

The year is 2393, and a senior scholar of the Second People's Republic of China presents a gripping and deeply disturbing account of how the children of the Enlightenment, the political and economic elites of the so-called advanced industrial societies, entered into a Penumbral period in the early decades of the twenty-first century, a time when sound science and rational discourse about global change were prohibited and clear warnings of climate catastrophe were ignored. What ensues when soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, drought, and mass migrations disrupt the global governmental and economic regimes? The Great Collapse of 2093.This work is an important title that will change how readers look at the world. Dramatizing climate change in ways traditional nonfiction cannot, this inventive, at times humorous work reasserts the importance of scientists and the work they do and reveals the self-serving interests of the so called "carbon industrial complex" that have turned the practice of sound science into political fodder. The authors conclude with a critique of the philosophical frameworks, most notably neo-liberalism, that do their part to hasten civilization's demise.Based on sound scholarship yet unafraid to tilt at sacred cows in both science and policy, this book provides a welcome moment of clarity amid the cacophony of climate change literature. It includes a lexicon of historical and scientific terms that enriches the narrative and an interview with the authors.

The bestselling authors of Merchants of Doubt offer a profound, startling history of one of America's most tenacious-and destructive-false ideas: the myth of the "free market." Merchants of Doubt exposed the origins of climate change denial. Now, its authors unfold the truth about another disastrous dogma. Why do Americans believe in the “magic of the marketplace”? The answer, as The Big Myth reveals: a propaganda blitz. Until the early 1900s, the U.S. government's guiding role in economic life was largely accepted. But then business elites, trade associations, wealthy powerbrokers, and media allies combatted regulation by building a new orthodoxy: down with “big government,” up with unfettered markets. Unearthing eye-opening archival evidence, Oreskes and Conway document campaigns to rewrite textbooks, combat unions, and defend child labor. They detail the ploys that turned hardline economists Hayek and Friedman into household names, recount the libertarian roots of the Little House on the Prairie books, and tune into the General Electric-sponsored TV show that beamed free-market doctrine (and the young Ronald Reagan) to millions. By the 1970s, this crusade had succeeded. Its ideology would define the next half-century across Republican and Democratic administrations, giving us the opioid scourge, climate destruction, giant tech monopolies, and a baleful response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Only by understanding this history can we imagine a future where markets will serve, not stifle, democracy.

Why the social character of scientific knowledge makes it trustworthyDo doctors really know what they are talking about when they tell us vaccines are safe? Should we take climate experts at their word when they warn us about the perils of global warming? Why should we trust science when our own politicians don't? In this landmark book, Naomi Oreskes offers a bold and compelling defense of science, revealing why the social character of scientific knowledge is its greatest strength--and the greatest reason we can trust it.Tracing the history and philosophy of science from the late nineteenth century to today, Oreskes explains that, contrary to popular belief, there is no single scientific method. Rather, the trustworthiness of scientific claims derives from the social process by which they are rigorously vetted. This process is not perfect--nothing ever is when humans are involved--but she draws vital lessons from cases where scientists got it wrong. Oreskes shows how consensus is a crucial indicator of when a scientific matter has been settled, and when the knowledge produced is likely to be trustworthy.Based on the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Princeton University, this timely and provocative book features critical responses by climate experts Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch, political scientist Jon Krosnick, philosopher of science Marc Lange, and science historian Susan Lindee, as well as a foreword by political theorist Stephen Macedo.

Can anyone today imagine the earth without its puzzle-piece construction of plate tectonics? The very term, "plate tectonics," coined only thirty-five years ago, is now part of the vernacular, part of everyone's understanding of the way the earth works.The theory, research, data collection, and analysis that came together in the late 1960’s to constitute plate tectonics is one of the great scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century. Scholarly books have been written about tectonics, but none by the key scientists-players themselves. In Plate Tectonics, editor Naomi Oreskes has assembled those scientists who played crucial roles in developing the theory to tell - for the first time, and in their own words - the stories of their involvement in the extraordinary confrimation of the theory.The book opens with an overview of the history of plate tectonics, including in-context definitions of the key terms that are discussed throughout the book. Oreskes explains how the forerunners of the theory, Wegener and du Toit, raised questions that were finally answered thirty years later, and how scientists working at the key academic institutions - Cambridge and Princeton Universities, Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, and the University of California-San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography – competed and collaborated until the theory coalesced.

A vivid portrait of how Naval oversight shaped American oceanography, revealing what difference it makes who pays for science.What difference does it make who pays for science?Some might say none. If scientists seek to discover fundamental truths about the world, and they do so in an objective manner using well-established methods, then how could it matter who’s footing the bill? History, however, suggests otherwise. In science, as elsewhere, money is power. Tracing the recent history of oceanography, Naomi Oreskes discloses dramatic changes in American ocean science since the Cold War, uncovering how and why it changed. Much of it has to do with who pays.After World War II, the US military turned to a new, uncharted theater of the deep sea. The earth sciences—particularly physical oceanography and marine geophysics—became essential to the US Navy, which poured unprecedented money and logistical support into their study. Science on a Mission brings to light how this influx of military funding was both enabling and it resulted in the creation of important domains of knowledge but also significant, lasting, and consequential domains of ignorance.As Oreskes delves into the role of patronage in the history of science, what emerges is a vivid portrait of how naval oversight transformed what we know about the sea. It is a detailed, sweeping history that illuminates the ways funding shapes the subject, scope, and tenor of scientific work, and it raises profound questions about the purpose and character of American science. What difference does it make who pays? The short answer a lot.

In the early twentieth century, American earth scientists were united in their opposition to the new--and highly radical--notion of continental drift, even going so far as to label the theory "unscientific." Some fifty years later, however, continental drift was heralded as a major scientific breakthrough and today it is accepted as scientific fact. Why did American geologists reject so adamantly an idea that is now considered a cornerstone of the discipline? And why were their European colleagues receptive to it so much earlier? This book, based on extensive archival research on three continents, provides important new answers while giving the first detailed account of the American geological community in the first half of the century. Challenging previous historical work on this episode, Naomi Oreskes shows that continental drift was not rejected for the lack of a causal mechanism, but because it seemed to conflict with the basic standards of practice in American geology. Thisaccount provides a compelling look at how scientific ideas are made and unmade.

La comunità scientifica è unanime sull'origine antropica del riscaldamento globale, e la maggioranza dell'opinione pubblica chiede di intervenire. La politica, però, temporeggia, e molti media lasciano spazio a ciarlatani. Secondo gli autori di Mercanti di dubbi, questa situazione è il risultato di decenni di disinformazione su tematiche ambientali e i loro impatti. Oreskes e Conway ricostruiscono la storia dei mercanti di dubbi dagli anni Cinquanta del secolo scorso, quando alcuni fisici misero la propria autorevolezza al servizio dell'industria del tabacco per aiutarla contro le accuse sulla pericolosità del fumo. Nascono allora le strategie di disinformazione poi usate nei dibattiti DDT, piogge acide, buco nell'ozono, fumo passivo, riscaldamento globale. Le motivazioni dei mercanti di dubbi sono l'anticomunismo si è evoluto in attacco all'ambientalismo, saldandosi con la difesa cieca del neoliberismo e con la ricerca di prestigio e arricchimento personale. Il risultato delle loro azioni, però, è rallentare l'adozione di norme che avrebbero minato i profitti delle aziende. A quindici anni dalla pubblicazione negli Stati Uniti e a sei dalla sua prima edizione italiana, questa nuova edizione si presenta più che mai attuale. Con una brillante prefazione di Massimo Polidoro e una nuova intervista in cui Naomi Oreskes ripercorre quanto accaduto dalla prima edizione americana a oggi, tra nuove forme di negazionismo e disinformazione che stanno mettendo la (buona) scienza sotto scacco, neotrumpismo e ritorno del libero mercato assoluto, inattivismo e inerzia.

En 'Mercaderes de la duda', Naomi Oreskes y Erik M. Conway revelaron los orígenes del negacionismo del cambio climático. Ahora, desvelan la verdad sobre otro dogma la "magia del mercado".A principios del siglo XX, las élites empresariales, las asociaciones comerciales, los poderosos ricos y los aliados de los medios de comunicación se propusieron construir una nueva ortodoxia abajo el "gran gobierno" y arriba los mercados sin trabas. Con asombrosas pruebas de archivo, Oreskes y Conway documentan las campañas para reescribir los libros de texto, combatir los sindicatos y defender el trabajo infantil. Detallan las estratagemas que convirtieron a los economistas de línea dura Friedrich von Hayek y Milton Friedman en nombres conocidos; relatan las raíces libertarias de los libros de La pequeña casa en la pradera; y sintonizan con el programa de televisión patrocinado por General Electric que transmitió la doctrina del libre mercado a millones de personas y lanzó la carrera política de Ronald Reagan.En la década de 1970, esta propaganda estaba teniendo éxito. La ideología del libre mercado definiría el siguiente medio siglo a través de las administraciones republicanas y demócratas, dándonos una crisis de la vivienda, el azote de los opioides, la destrucción del clima y una nefasta respuesta a la pandemia del Covid-19. Sólo si comprendemos esta historia podremos imaginar un futuro en el que los mercados sirvan a la democracia y no la repriman.

Bloomsbury presents The Big Myth by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, read by Liza Seneca.“An immense scholarly feat.”—New Yorker * “[A] scorching indictment of free market fundamentalism . . . and how we can change, before it’s too late.”— Esquire The bestselling authors of Merchants of Doubt offer a profound, startling history of one of America’s most tenacious—and destructive—false the myth of the "free market." In their landmark book Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway revealed the origins of climate change denial. Now, they unfold the truth about another disastrous the “magic of the marketplace.” In the early 20th century, business elites, trade associations, wealthy powerbrokers, and media allies set out to build a new American down with “big government” and up with unfettered markets. With trenchant archival evidence, Oreskes and Conway document campaigns to rewrite textbooks, combat unions, and defend child labor. They detail the ploys that turned hardline economists Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman into household names; recount the libertarian roots of the Little House on the Prairie books; and tune into the General Electric-sponsored TV show that beamed free-market doctrine to millions and launched Ronald Reagan’s political career. By the 1970s, this propaganda was succeeding. Free market ideology would define the next half-century across Republican and Democratic administrations, giving us a housing crisis, the opioid scourge, climate destruction, and a baleful response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Only by understanding this history can we imagine a future where markets will serve, not stifle, democracy.

Questo libro racconta come le grandi industrie abbiano costruito, e fatto prosperare, il mito che per decenni ci ha tenuti in quello della "magia" del libero mercato. Un dogma falso, che ci ha abituati a vedere il governo come un nemico e i leader aziendali come eroi moderni.Dagli Stati Uniti all'Europa, l'idea che i mercati funzionino meglio senza regole è diventata quasi una fede religiosa. Comoda per pochi, devastante per gli equilibri sociali e ambientali di tanti.Con un'indagine storica rigorosa, Oreskes e Conway mostrano come imprenditori, think tank, università, predicatori e politici abbiano alimentato questa narrazione ingannevole, in cui libertà economica e libertà politica appaiono inscindibili e ogni regolamentazione diventa sinonimo di tirannia.In continuità con il best-seller Mercanti di dubbi, gli autori indagano le trame nascoste del potere economico e la costruzione delle sue verità convenienti a partire dall'esempio americano. Dall'uso ingannevole dei media, con l'opera di "grandi comunicatori" come Reagan, alla battaglia contro il New Deal di Roosevelt. Dalla demonizzazione di scienziati come Rachel Carson alla deregulation promossa anche da presidenti democratici.Il grande mito è un invito a non cadere nella trappola del dubbio fabbricato e a ritrovare un equilibrio tra libertà economica e responsabilità collettiva verso il pianeta che abitiamo.